【英语语法】词法---数词
目录
- 数词
- 1. 基数词
- (1) 基数词构成规则
- (2) 基数词用法
- 2. 序数词
- (1) 序数词构成规则
- (2) 序数词用法
- 3. 分数与小数
- (1) 分数表达
- (2) 小数表达
- 4. 数词的特殊用法
- (1) 年龄表达
- (2) 时间表达
- (3) 数学运算
数词
数词是表示数量或顺序的词类,分为 基数词(Cardinal Numbers) 和 序数词(Ordinal Numbers) 两大类。
1. 基数词
表示数量的多少(如1, 2, 3…),用于计数、年龄、时间等场景。
(1) 基数词构成规则
范围 | 规则 | 示例 |
---|---|---|
1-12 | 独立单词 | one, two, twelve |
13-19 | 个位数 + -teen | thirteen, fifteen |
20-90(整十) | 十位数 + -ty | twenty, fifty |
21-99 | 十位数 + 连字符 + 个位数 | twenty-one, ninety-nine |
100+ | hundred/thousand/million | one hundred, two thousand |
⚠️ 注意:
- 百位数加 and(英式英语):
✓ 105 = one hundred and five
✗ 美式英语常省略:one hundred five - 千位数用逗号分隔:
✓ 3,000 = three thousand
(2) 基数词用法
- 数量表达:
- I have three apples.
- She is ten years old.
- 电话号码:逐位读数字(0读作"oh"或"zero"):
- 505-1234 → “five zero five, one two three four”
- 年份:
- 1995 → “nineteen ninety-five”
- 2008 → “two thousand and eight”
2. 序数词
表示顺序(如第1, 第2, 第3…),用于日期、排名等场景。
(1) 序数词构成规则
基数词 | 序数词 | 规则 |
---|---|---|
one | first | 特殊变化 |
two | second | 特殊变化 |
three | third | 特殊变化 |
4-19 | 基数词 + -th | fourth, fifth, twelfth |
20+(整十) | 变 y 为 i + -eth | twentieth, fiftieth |
21+ | 十位数基数词 + 个位数序数词 | twenty-first, ninety-ninth |
⚠️ 注意:
- 序数词前必须加 the:
✓ He won the first prize.
✗ He won first prize. (口语中可省略the)
(2) 序数词用法
- 日期:
- May the first → May 1st
- 楼层/排名:
- She lives on the third floor.
- He finished in the tenth place.
- 世纪/朝代:
- the twenty-first century
3. 分数与小数
(1) 分数表达
- 构成:分子(基数词) + 分母(序数词 + -s)
- 1/3 → one third
- 3/4 → three fourths(或 three quarters)
- 特殊形式:
- 1/2 → a/one half
- 1/4 → a/one quarter
(2) 小数表达
- 小数点读作 point,后续数字逐位读:
- 0.5 → “zero point five”
- 3.14 → “three point one four”
4. 数词的特殊用法
(1) 年龄表达
- 基数词 + years old:
- She is ten years old.
- 序数词表生日:
- It’s her tenth birthday.
(2) 时间表达
- 整点:It’s three (o’clock).
- 分钟:
- 3:05 → “three oh five”
- 3:15 → “three fifteen” 或 “a quarter past three”
- 3:30 → “three thirty” 或 “half past three”
- 3:45 → “three forty-five” 或 “a quarter to four”
(3) 数学运算
运算 | 读法 | 示例 |
---|---|---|
+ | plus | 2 + 3 = 5 → “Two plus three is five.” |
- | minus | 5 - 2 = 3 → “Five minus two is three.” |
× | times / multiplied by | 2 × 3 = 6 → “Two times three is six.” |
÷ | divided by | 6 ÷ 2 = 3 → “Six divided by two is three.” |