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Pytorch中layernorm实现详解

news 来源：原创 2025/4/28 4:07:13

平时我们在编写神经网络时，经常会用到layernorm这个函数来加快网络的收敛速度。那layernorm到底在哪个维度上进行归一化的呢？

一、问题描述

首先借用知乎上的一张图，原文写的也非常好，大家有空可以去阅读一下，链接放在参考文献里了。如左图所示，假设现在输入的维度是（bs，seq_len， embedding），其中bs代表batch_size, seq_len代表序列长度，embedding表示嵌入大小。

那在layernorm时，我们是对（seq_len， embedding）这个矩阵取均值和方差（上图）；还是只对embedding这个维度取均值和方差呢（下图）？前者会得到bs个均值和方差，而后者会得到bs * seq_len 个均值和方差。下面我们进行编程验证。

二、编程实现

import torch

batch_size, seq_size, dim = 2, 3, 4
embedding = torch.randn(batch_size, seq_size, dim)

layer_norm = torch.nn.LayerNorm(dim, elementwise_affine = False)
print("用pytorch的layer_norm所得结果\n", layer_norm(embedding))

print("自己编写layer_norm所得结果")
eps: float = 0.00001
mean = torch.mean(embedding[:, :, :], dim=(-1), keepdim=True)
var = torch.square(embedding[:, :, :] - mean).mean(dim=(-1), keepdim=True)

print("mean: ", mean.shape)
print("y_custom: ", (embedding[:, :, :] - mean) / torch.sqrt(var + eps))

结果：

用pytorch的layer_norm所得结果
 tensor([[[ 0.7475, -1.7061,  0.6676,  0.2910],
         [ 0.1144, -0.6476,  1.5753, -1.0421],
         [-1.0278, -0.7498,  0.2559,  1.5218]],

        [[-1.0527, -0.8723,  1.3354,  0.5895],
         [-0.6403, -1.1399,  1.4842,  0.2961],
         [ 0.7352, -0.8236, -1.1342,  1.2226]]])
自己编写layer_norm所得结果
mean:  torch.Size([2, 3, 1])
y_custom:  tensor([[[ 0.7475, -1.7061,  0.6676,  0.2910],
         [ 0.1144, -0.6476,  1.5753, -1.0421],
         [-1.0278, -0.7498,  0.2559,  1.5218]],

        [[-1.0527, -0.8723,  1.3354,  0.5895],
         [-0.6403, -1.1399,  1.4842,  0.2961],
         [ 0.7352, -0.8236, -1.1342,  1.2226]]])

结果的相等的。可以看到，我们在取均值和方差时，是对最后一个维度取的。所以我们会得到 (N,C)个均值与方差。假设二是正确的。

而实际上这种实现方法和Instance Norm是相同的

from torch.nn import InstanceNorm2d
instance_norm = InstanceNorm2d(3, affine=False)
x = torch.randn(2, 3, 4)
output = instance_norm(embedding.reshape(2,3,4,1)) #InstanceNorm2D需要(N,C,H,W)的shape作为输入
print(output.reshape(2,3,4))

layer_norm = torch.nn.LayerNorm(4, elementwise_affine = False)
print(layer_norm(x))

结果:

tensor([[[ 0.7475, -1.7061,  0.6676,  0.2910],
         [ 0.1144, -0.6476,  1.5753, -1.0421],
         [-1.0278, -0.7498,  0.2559,  1.5218]],

        [[-1.0527, -0.8723,  1.3354,  0.5895],
         [-0.6403, -1.1399,  1.4842,  0.2961],
         [ 0.7352, -0.8236, -1.1342,  1.2226]]])
tensor([[[ 0.1293, -1.0034,  1.5760, -0.7018],
         [-1.3981, -0.4828,  1.0876,  0.7933],
         [-1.7034,  0.8545,  0.4876,  0.3612]],

        [[-1.4750,  1.2212, -0.2607,  0.5144],
         [ 0.7017, -0.8350,  1.2502, -1.1169],
         [-1.7273,  0.6965,  0.5147,  0.5161]]])