目录
- 动词
- 1. 动词的分类
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- 2. 动词的时态
- (1) 四大核心时态
- (2) 完成时态对比
- (3) 进行时态对比
- 3. 动词的语态
- (1) 主动语态 vs. 被动语态
- (2) 被动语态构成
- 4. 动词的语气
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- 5. 非谓语动词
- (1) 不定式（to do）
- (2) 动名词（-ing）
- (3) 分词
- 6. 情态动词
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- 7. 动词的规则与不规则变化
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- 8. 常见错误与纠正
动词
动词是句子的核心成分，表示动作、状态或存在。
1. 动词的分类
(1) 按功能分类
| 类型 | 作用 | 示例 | 特点 |
|---|
| 实义动词 | 有实际意义 | run, eat, study | 可单独作谓语 |
| 系动词 | 连接主语和表语 | be, seem, become | 后接形容词/名词 |
| 助动词 | 帮助构成时态/语态/疑问/否定 | do, have, will, can | 不能单独作谓语 |
| 情态动词 | 表达可能性/必要性等 | must, should, may | 后接动词原形 |
(2) 按是否带宾语分类
| 类型 | 特点 | 示例 |
|---|
| 及物动词 | 必须带宾语 | She bought a book. |
| 不及物动词 | 不带宾语 | He slept. |
| 双宾动词 | 带两个宾语（人+物） | She gave me a gift. |
| 宾补动词 | 带宾语+补语 | We elected him leader. |
2. 动词的时态
英语有 12种时态，通过动词变化体现动作发生的时间与状态：
(1) 四大核心时态
| 时态 | 构成 | 例句 | 用法 |
|---|
| 一般现在时 | 动词原形（三单加-s） | She works every day. | 习惯/真理 |
| 一般过去时 | 动词过去式（-ed/不规则） | He left yesterday. | 过去完成的动作 |
| 一般将来时 | will/shall + 动词原形 | They will arrive soon. | 未来预测/计划 |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are + 现在分词 | I am reading now. | 正在进行的动作 |
(2) 完成时态对比
| 时态 | 构成 | 例句 | 用法 |
|---|
| 现在完成时 | have/has + 过去分词 | She has finished her work. | 过去动作对现在的影响 |
| 过去完成时 | had + 过去分词 | When I arrived, he had left. | “过去的过去” |
| 将来完成时 | will have + 过去分词 | By 2025, I will have graduated. | 未来某时前完成的动作 |
(3) 进行时态对比
| 时态 | 构成 | 例句 |
|---|
| 过去进行时 | was/were + 现在分词 | She was cooking at 8 pm. |
| 将来进行时 | will be + 现在分词 | This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Paris. |
3. 动词的语态
(1) 主动语态 vs. 被动语态
| 语态 | 构成 | 例句 |
|---|
| 主动语态 | 主语执行动作 | The cat chased the mouse. |
| 被动语态 | 主语承受动作 | The mouse was chased by the cat. |
(2) 被动语态构成
be + 过去分词（时态体现在be动词上）：
- 现在时：The book is read by students.
- 过去时：The letter was sent yesterday.
- 将来时：The project will be completed next month.
⚠️ 注意：
- 不及物动词（如 happen, die）无被动语态
- 某些动词有固定介词被动式：
✗ He was laughed. → ✓ He was laughed at.
4. 动词的语气
| 语气 | 作用 | 示例 |
|---|
| 陈述语气 | 陈述事实 | She goes to school. |
| 祈使语气 | 发出命令/请求 | Open the door. |
| 虚拟语气 | 表达假设/愿望 | If I were you, I would go. |
虚拟语气重点
- 与现在事实相反：
If I had time, I would help you. （实际无时间） - 与过去事实相反：
If you had studied, you would have passed. （实际未学习） - 建议/要求：
It’s vital that he be present. （美式英语用动词原形）
5. 非谓语动词
不能单独作谓语的动词形式，分为三类：
(1) 不定式（to do）
- 作主语：To err is human.
- 作宾语：She wants to leave.
- 作目的状语：He came to help.
(2) 动名词（-ing）
- 作主语：Swimming is fun.
- 作宾语：I enjoy reading.
- 介词后：He is good at dancing.
(3) 分词
| 类型 | 构成 | 功能 | 例句 |
|---|
| 现在分词 | -ing | 主动/进行 | The barking dog woke me. |
| 过去分词 | -ed/不规则 | 被动/完成 | The broken window was fixed. |
分词短语作状语：
Having finished her work, she went home. （表时间先后）
6. 情态动词
绝大多数情态动词后不加to。
(1) 核心情态动词
| 动词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|
| can | 能力/可能性 | She can swim. |
| must | 必须/肯定推测 | You must obey the rules. |
| should | 应该 | He should apologize. |
(2) 情态动词+完成式
- must have done：肯定推测过去
The ground is wet. It must have rained. - should have done：本应做却未做
You should have told me earlier.
7. 动词的规则与不规则变化
(1) 规则动词变化
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 |
|---|
| work | worked | worked | working |
| play | played | played | playing |
(2) 不规则动词分类
| 类型 | 示例 |
|---|
| AAA型（不变） | cut - cut - cut |
| ABB型（过去式=过去分词） | buy - bought - bought |
| ABC型（三者均不同） | go - went - gone |
8. 常见错误与纠正
| 错误类型 | 错误示例 | 纠正 |
|---|
| 时态混淆 | ✗ I have seen him yesterday. | ✓ I saw him yesterday. |
| 语态误用 | ✗ The accident was happened. | ✓ The accident happened. |
| 非谓语动词混用 | ✗ I want go home. | ✓ I want to go home. |
| 情态动词后加to | ✗ He can to swim. | ✓ He can swim. |
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