从句详细解析
考研英语中,从句是语法考查的重点之一,掌握从句的用法对理解长难句、写作和翻译都至关重要。以下是关于从句的详细知识点总结:
一、从句的基本概念
从句是依附于主句的句子成分,不能独立存在,由从属连词(如that, which, when等)或关系词(如who, whose, where等)引导。从句分为三大类:
- 名词性从句(在句中充当名词)
- 定语从句(修饰名词或代词)
- 状语从句(修饰动词、形容词或整个句子)
二、名词性从句
在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语,由以下连词引导:
- that(无实义,仅连接作用,宾语从句中可省略)
- whether/if(表“是否”)
- 疑问词(what, who, when, where, why, how等)
1. 主语从句
-
在句中作主语,位于谓语动词之前。
- 例句:
- That he passed the exam surprised us all.(that引导)
- Whether we can finish the task on time is uncertain.(whether引导)
- What he said is true.(疑问词引导)
- 例句:
-
形式主语it:当主语从句较长时,常用it作形式主语,从句后置。
- 例句:
- It is obvious that he lied.(真正主语是that从句)
- It doesn’t matter whether you come early or late.
- 例句:
2. 宾语从句
-
在句中作动词或介词的宾语。
- 例句:
- I know (that) you are right.(that可省略)
- She asked if I needed help.(if引导)
- He didn’t tell me where he went.(疑问词引导)
- 例句:
-
注意:
- 宾语从句的时态可能与主句时态一致(主句过去时,从句一般用过去时态)。
- 介词后的宾语从句一般不用if,而用whether。
- 例: We talked about whether he would come.
3. 表语从句
- 在系动词(be, seem, appear等)后作表语。
- 例句:
- The problem is that we lack experience.
- The question is whether they will agree.
- 例句:
4. 同位语从句
- 对抽象名词(fact, idea, belief, news等)进行解释说明,常用that引导。
- 例句:
- The news that he won the prize excited us.
- I have no idea where he is now.
- 例句:
三、定语从句(形容词性从句)
修饰名词或代词,分为限制性定语从句(无逗号隔开)和非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开,补充说明)。
1. 关系代词引导
- who(指人,作主语或宾语)
- The man who is talking is my teacher.(作主语)
- whom(指人,作宾语,可省略)
- The girl (whom) you met is my sister.
- which(指物,作主语或宾语)
- The book which is on the desk is mine.(作主语)
- that(指人或物,作主语或宾语,不可用于非限制性从句)
- The car that he bought is expensive.
- whose(表所属关系,修饰人或物)
- The student whose father is a doctor studies hard.
2. 关系副词引导
- when(表时间,先行词为time, day等)
- I’ll never forget the day when we first met.
- where(表地点,先行词为place, city等)
- This is the school where I studied.
- why(表原因,先行词为reason)
- Tell me the reason why you were late.
3. 特殊用法
- 介词+关系代词(which/whom)
- The house in which he lives is old.(= where he lives)
- 非限制性定语从句(用逗号隔开,不可用that)
- Tom, who is my friend, works in Beijing.
- as引导的定语从句
- As we all know, the earth is round.(固定搭配)
- Such people as you describe are rare.(such...as结构)
四、状语从句(副词性从句)
在句中作状语,表示时间、条件、原因等,由从属连词引导。
1. 时间状语从句
- 连词:when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as等。
- 例句:
- When he arrives, I’ll call you.
- I’ll wait until you come back.
- 例句:
2. 条件状语从句
- 连词:if, unless(除非), as long as(只要)等。
- 例句:
- If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
- You’ll fail unless you work hard.
- 例句:
3. 原因状语从句
- 连词:because, since, as, now that(既然)等。
- 例句:
- He didn’t come because he was ill.
- Since you’re busy, I’ll go alone.
- 例句:
4. 让步状语从句
- 连词:although, though, even if, no matter how/what等。
- 例句:
- Although he tried hard, he failed.
- No matter what happens, don’t give up.
- 例句:
5. 目的状语从句
- 连词:so that, in order that(为了)等。
- 例句:
- He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.
- 例句:
6. 结果状语从句
- 连词:so...that, such...that(如此…以至于)。
- 例句:
- He was so tired that he fell asleep.
- It’s such a hot day that we stay indoors.
- 例句:
7. 比较状语从句
- 连词:than, as...as, not so...as等。
- 例句:
- He runs faster than I do.
- She is as tall as her sister.
- 例句:
8. 方式状语从句
- 连词:as, as if/though(好像)。
- 例句:
- Do as I told you.
- He talks as if he knew everything.
- 例句:
五、易错点与注意事项
-
区分定语从句和同位语从句:
- 定语从句修饰名词,同位语从句解释名词内容。
- The fact that he mentioned is true.(定语从句,that作宾语)
- The fact that he succeeded is true.(同位语从句,that无实义)
- 定语从句修饰名词,同位语从句解释名词内容。
-
关系词的选择:
- 看先行词是人/物,以及从句中缺少的成分(主语、宾语、状语等)。
- 非限制性从句中不可用that。
-
状语从句的时态:
- 条件/时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。
- If it rains tomorrow, we’ll cancel the trip.
- 条件/时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。
-
省略现象:
- 状语从句中,若主语与主句一致且含be动词,可省略主语和be。
- When (he was) asked, he kept silent.
- 状语从句中,若主语与主句一致且含be动词,可省略主语和be。
六、真题例句分析
- 名词性从句:
- It is widely acknowledged that environmental pollution is a global issue.(主语从句)
- 定语从句:
- The researchers found that the cells, which were damaged, could not regenerate.(非限制性定语从句)
- 状语从句:
- Unless we take immediate action, the problem will worsen.(条件状语从句)
通过系统掌握以上知识点,结合真题练习,可以显著提升从句的分析和运用能力。建议多拆解长难句,并在写作中灵活运用各类从句以增加句式多样性。